IPv6 Operations WG R. Graveman Internet-Draft RFG Security, LLC Intended status: Informational M. Parthasarathy Expires: April 12, 2007 Nokia P. Savola CSC/FUNET H. Tschofenig Siemens October 9, 2006 Using IPsec to Secure IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels draft-ietf-v6ops-ipsec-tunnels-03.txt Status of this Memo By submitting this Internet-Draft, each author represents that any applicable patent or other IPR claims of which he or she is aware have been or will be disclosed, and any of which he or she becomes aware will be disclosed, in accordance with Section 6 of BCP 79. Internet-Drafts are working documents of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), its areas, and its working groups. Note that other groups may also distribute working documents as Internet- Drafts. Internet-Drafts are draft documents valid for a maximum of six months and may be updated, replaced, or obsoleted by other documents at any time. It is inappropriate to use Internet-Drafts as reference material or to cite them other than as "work in progress." The list of current Internet-Drafts can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/ietf/1id-abstracts.txt. The list of Internet-Draft Shadow Directories can be accessed at http://www.ietf.org/shadow.html. This Internet-Draft will expire on April 12, 2007. Copyright Notice Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). Abstract This document gives guidance on securing manually configured IPv6-in- IPv4 tunnels using IPsec. No additional protocol extensions are described beyond those available with the IPsec framework. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 1] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Table of Contents 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2. Threats and the Use of IPsec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2.1. IPsec in Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2.2. IPsec in Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3. Scenarios and Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.1. Router-to-Router Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 3.2. Site-to-Router/Router-to-Site Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . 6 3.3. Host-to-Host Tunnels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4. IKE and IPsec Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5. IPsec Configuration Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 5.1. IPsec Transport Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.2. IPsec Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 5.3. Peer Authorization Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 6. Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 7. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 8. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 9. Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Appendix A. Using Tunnel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.1. Tunnel Mode Implementation Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 A.2. Specific SPD for Host-to-Host Scenario . . . . . . . . . . 16 A.3. Specific SPD for Host-to-Router scenario . . . . . . . . . 17 Appendix B. Optional Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.1. Dynamic Address Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.2. NAT Traversal and Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 B.3. Tunnel Endpoint Discovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Intellectual Property and Copyright Statements . . . . . . . . . . 22 Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 2] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 1. Introduction The IPv6 operations (v6ops) working group has selected (manually configured) IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling [RFC4213] as one of the IPv6 transition mechanisms for IPv6 deployment. [RFC4213] identified a number of threats that had not been adequately analyzed or addressed in its predecessor [RFC2893]. The most complete solution is to use IPsec to protect IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling. The document was intentionally not expanded to include the details on how to set up an IPsec-protected tunnel in an interoperable manner, but instead the details were deferred to this memo. First four sections of this document analyse the threats and scenarios that can be addressed by IPsec and assumptions made by this document for successful IPsec Security Association (SA) establishment. Section 5 gives the details of Internet Key Exchange (IKE) and IP security (IPsec) exchange with packet formats and Security Policy Database (SPD) entries. Section 6 gives recommendations. Appendices further discuss Tunnel mode usage and optional extensions. This document does not address the use of IPsec for tunnels that are not manually configured (e.g., 6to4 tunnels [RFC3056]). Presumably, some form of opportunistic encryption or "better-than-nothing security" might or might not be applicable. Similarly, propagating quality of service attributes (apart from Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) bits [RFC4213]) from the encapsulated packets to the tunnel path is out of scope. 2. Threats and the Use of IPsec [RFC4213] is mostly concerned about address spoofing threats: 1. IPv4 address of the encapsulating ("outer") packet can be spoofed. 2. IPv6 address of the encapsulated ("inner") packet can be spoofed. IPsec can obviously also provide payload integrity and confidentiality as well for the part of the end-to-end path that is tunneled. The reason for threat (1) is the lack of widespread deployment of IPv4 ingress filtering [RFC3704]. The reason for threat (2) is that the IPv6 packet is encapsulated in IPv4 and hence may escape IPv6 ingress filtering. [RFC4213] specifies the following strict address Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 3] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 checks as mitigating measures: o To mitigate threat (1), the decapsulator verifies that the IPv4 source address of the packet is the same as the address of the configured tunnel endpoint. The decapsulator may also implement IPv4 ingress filtering, i.e., check whether the packet is received on a legitimate interface. o To mitigate threat (2), the decapsulator verifies whether the inner IPv6 address is a valid IPv6 address and also applies IPv6 ingress filtering before accepting the IPv6 packet. This memo proposes using IPsec for providing stronger security in preventing these threats and additionally providing integrity and confidentiality. IPsec can be used in two ways, in transport and tunnel mode; detailed discussion about applicability in this context is described in Section 5. 2.1. IPsec in Transport Mode In transport mode, the IPsec security association (SA) is established to protect the traffic defined by (IPv4-source, IPv4-dest, protocol = 41). On receiving such an IPsec packet, the receiver first applies the IPsec transform (e.g., ESP) and then matches the packet against the Security Parameter Index (SPI) and the inbound selectors associated with the SA to verify that the packet is appropriate for the SA via which it was received. A successful verification implies that the packet came from the right IPv4 endpoint as the SA is bound to the IPv4 source address. This prevents threat (1) but not the threat (2). IPsec in transport mode does not verify the contents of the payload itself where the IPv6 addresses are carried, that is, two nodes that are using IPsec transport mode to secure the tunnel can spoof the inner payload. The packet will be decapsulated successfully and accepted. The shortcoming can be mitigated by IPv6 ingress filtering i.e., check that the packet is arriving from the interface in the direction of the route towards the tunnel end-point, similar to a Strict Reverse Path Forwarding (RPF) check [RFC3704]. In most implementations, a transport mode SA is applied to a normal IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel. Therefore, ingress filtering can be applied in the tunnel interface. (Transport mode is often also used in other kind of tunnels such as GRE and L2TP.) Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 4] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 2.2. IPsec in Tunnel Mode In tunnel mode, the IPsec SA is established to protect the traffic defined by (IPv6-source, IPv6-destination). On receiving such an IPsec packet, the receiver first applies the IPsec transform (e.g., ESP) and then matches the packet against the SPI and the inbound selectors associated with the SA to verify that the packet is appropriate for the SA via which it was received. The successful verification implies that the packet came from the right endpoint. The outer IPv4 addresses may be spoofed and IPsec cannot detect it in this mode; the packets will be demultiplexed based on the SPI and possibly the IPv6 address bound to the SA. Thus, the outer address spoofing is irrelevant as long as the decryption succeeds and the inner IPv6 packet can be verified to come from the right tunnel endpoint. As described in Section 5.2, using tunnel mode is more difficult than applying transport mode to a tunnel interface, and as a result this document recommends transport mode. 3. Scenarios and Overview There are roughly three kinds of scenarios: 1. (generic) router-to-router tunnels. 2. site-to-router/router-to-site tunnels. This refers to a tunnel between a site's IPv6 (border) device to an IPv6 upstream provider's router. A degenerate case of a site is a single host. 3. Host-to-host tunnels. 3.1. Router-to-Router Tunnels IPv6/IPv4 hosts and routers can tunnel IPv6 datagrams over regions of IPv4 routing topology by encapsulating them within IPv4 packets. Tunneling can be used in a variety of ways. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 5] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 .--------. _----_ .--------. |v6-in-v4| _( IPv4 )_ |v6-in-v4| | Router | <======( Internet )=====> | Router | | A | (_ _) | B | '--------' '----' '--------' ^ IPsec tunnel between ^ | Router A and Router B | V V Figure 1: Router-to-Router Scenario IPv6/IPv4 routers interconnected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans one segment of the end-to-end path that the IPv6 packet takes. The source and destination addresses of the IPv6 packets traversing the tunnel could come from a wide range of IPv6 prefixes, so binding IPv6 addresses to be used to the SA is not feasible. IPv6 ingress filtering must be performed to mitigate the IPv6 address spoofing threat. A specific case of router-to-router tunnels, when one router resides at an end site, is described in the next section. 3.2. Site-to-Router/Router-to-Site Tunnels This is a generalization of host-to-router and router-to-host tunneling, because the issues when connecting a whole site (using a router), and connecting a single host are roughly equal. _----_ .---------. IPsec _----_ IPsec .-------. _( IPv6 )_ |v6-in-v4 | Tunnel _( IPv4 )_ Tunnel | V4/V6 | ( Internet )<--->| Router |<=======( Internet )=======>| Site B | (_ _) | A | (_ _) '--------' '----' '---------' '----' ^ | V .--------. | Native | | IPv6 | | node | '--------' Figure 2: Router-to-Site Scenario IPv6/IPv4 routers can tunnel IPv6 packets to their final destination IPv6/IPv4 site. This tunnel spans only the last segment of the end- Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 6] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 to-end path. +---------------------+ | IPv6 Network | | | .--------. _----_ | .--------. | | V6/V4 | _( IPv4 )_ | |v6-in-v4| | | Site B |<====( Internet )==========>| Router | | '--------' (_ _) | | A | | '----' | '--------' | IPsec tunnel between | ^ | IPv6 Site and Router A | | | | V | | .-------. | | | V6 | | | | Hosts | | | '--------' | +---------------------+ Figure 3: Site-to-Router Scenario Respectively, IPv6/IPv4 hosts can tunnel IPv6 packets to an intermediary IPv6/IPv4 router that is reachable via an IPv4 infrastructure. This type of tunnel spans the first segment of the packet's end-to-end path. The hosts in the site originate the packets with source addresses coming from a well known prefix whereas the destination address could be any node on the Internet. In this case, the IPsec tunnel mode SA could be bound to the prefix that was allocated to the router at Site B and router A could verify that the source address of the packet matches the prefix. Site B will not be able to do a similar verification for the packets it receives. This may be quite reasonable for most of the deployment cases, for example, the Internet Service Provider (ISP) allocating a /48 to a customer. The Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) where the tunnel is terminated "trusts" (in a weak sense) the ISP's router and the ISP's router can verify that the Site B is the only one that can originate packets within the /48. IPv6 spoofing must be prevented, and setting up ingress filtering may require some amount of manual configuration; see more of these options in Section 5. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 7] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 3.3. Host-to-Host Tunnels .--------. _----_ .--------. | V6/V4 | _( IPv4 )_ | V6/V4 | | Host | <======( Internet )=====> | Host | | A | (_ _) | B | '--------' '----' '--------' IPsec tunnel between Host A and Host B Figure 4: Host-to-Host Scenario IPv6/IPv4 hosts that are interconnected by an IPv4 infrastructure can tunnel IPv6 packets between themselves. In this case, the tunnel spans the entire end-to-end path that the packet takes. In this case, the source and the destination IPv6 address are known a priori. A tunnel mode SA could be bound to the specific address. The address verification prevents IPv6 address spoofing completely. As noted in the Introduction, automatic host-to-host tunneling methods (e.g., 6to4) are out of scope of this memo. 4. IKE and IPsec Versions This section discusses the different versions of the IKE and IPsec security architecture and their applicability to this document. The IPsec security architecture was originally defined in [RFC2401] and now superseded by [RFC4301]. IKE was originally defined in [RFC2409] (which is referred to as IKEv1 in this document) and is now superseded by [RFC4306] (referred to as IKEv2). There are several differences between them. The differences relevant to this document are discussed below. 1. [RFC2401] does not allow IP as the next layer protocol in traffic selectors when an IPsec SA is negotiated. [RFC4301] also allows IP as the next layer protocol like TCP or UDP in traffic selectors. 2. [RFC4301] assumes IKEv2, as some of the new features cannot be negotiated using IKEv1. It is valid to negotiate multiple traffic selectors for a given IPsec SA in [RFC4301]. This is possible only with [RFC4306]. If [RFC2409] is used, then multiple SAs need to be set up for each traffic selector. Note that the existing implementations based on [RFC2409] may already Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 8] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 be able to support the [RFC4301] features described in (1) and (2). If appropriate, the deployment may choose to use the two versions of the security architecture. IKEv2 supports features that are useful for configuring and securing tunnels that are not present with IKEv1. 1. IKEv2 supports legacy authentication methods by carrying them in EAP payloads. This can be used to authenticate the hosts/sites to the ISP using EAP methods that support username and password. 2. IKEv2 supports dynamic address configuration which may be used to configure the IPv6 address of the host. NAT traversal works with both the old and revised IPsec architectures, but the negotiation is integrated with IKEv2. For the purposes of this document, where the confidentiality of ESP is not required, Authentication Header (AH) [RFC4302] can be used interchangeably. The main difference is that AH is able to provide integrity-protection for certain fields in the outer IP header and IP options. However, as the outer IP header will be discarded in any case and those particular fields are not believed to be relevant in this particular application, there is no particular reason to use AH. 5. IPsec Configuration Details This section describes details about the establishment of an IPsec tunnel for the protection of IPv4/IPv6 data traffic. However, first we will take a look at the packet format on the wire. The packet format is the same for both transport mode and tunnel mode as shown in Table 1. +----------------------------+------------------------------------+ | Components (first to last) | Contains | +----------------------------+------------------------------------+ | IPv4 header | (src = IPV4-TEP1, dst = IPV4-TEP2) | | ESP header | | | IPv6 header | (src = IPV6-EP1, dst = IPV6-EP2) | | (payload) | | +----------------------------+------------------------------------+ Table 1 Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 9] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 5.1. IPsec Transport Mode The transport mode has typically been applied to L2TP, GRE, and other kind of tunneling methods, especially when the user wants to tunnel non-IP traffic. [RFC3884], [RFC3193], and [RFC4023] provide examples of applying transport mode to protect tunnel traffic that spans only a part of an end-to-end path. IPv6 ingress filtering must be applied on the tunnel interface on all the packets that pass the inbound IPsec processing. The following SPD entries assume that there are two routers Router1 and Router2, with tunnel endpoint IPv4 addresses denoted by IPV4-TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. (In other scenarios, the SPDs are set up in a similar fashion.) Router1's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV4-TEP1 IPV4-TEP2 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV4-TEP1 IPV4-TEP2 IKE BYPASS 3 IPv4-TEP1 IPV4-TEP2 41 PROTECT(ESP,transport) Router2's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV4-TEP2 IPV4-TEP1 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV4-TEP2 IPV4-TEP1 IKE BYPASS 3 IPv4-TEP2 IPV4-TEP1 41 PROTECT(ESP,transport) In both SPD entries, "IKE" refers to UDP destination port 500 and possibly also port 4500 if NAT traversal is used. The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPv4-TEP1, IPV4-TEP2 and protocol value 41 as phase 2 identities. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. 5.2. IPsec Tunnel Mode A tunnel mode SA is essentially an SA applied to an IP tunnel, with the access controls applied to the headers of the traffic inside the tunnel [RFC4301]. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 10] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Several requirements arise when IPsec is used to protect the IPv6 traffic (inner header) for the scenarios mentioned in Section 3. 1. All of IPv6 traffic should be protected including link-local (e.g., Neighbor Discovery) and multicast traffic. 2. In Router-to-Router tunnels, the source and destination addresses of the traffic could come from a wide range of prefixes that are normally learnt through routing. As routing can always learn a new prefix, there is no way to know all the prefixes a priori [RFC3884]. 3. Source address selection depends on the notion of routes and interfaces. This affects scenarios (2) and (3). The implementations may or may not model the IPsec tunnel mode SA as an interface as described in Appendix A.1. If IPsec tunnel mode SA is not modeled as an interface (e.g., as of this writing, popular in many open source implementations), the SPD entries for protecting all the traffic between the two endpoints must be described. Evaluating against the requirements above, link-local traffic cannot be sent because there is no interface and multicast traffic would need to be identified, possibly resulting in a long list of SPD entries. The second requirement is difficult to satisfy because the traffic that needs to be protected is not necessarily (e.g., router-to-router tunnel) known a priori [RFC3884]. The third requirement is equally hard because almost all implementations assume addresses are assigned on interfaces (rather than configured in SPDs) for proper source address selection. If IPsec tunnel mode SA is modeled as interface, the traffic that needs protection can be modeled as routes pointing to the interface. The second requirement is difficult to satisfy because the traffic that needs to be protected is not necessarily known a priori. The third requirement is easily solved because IPsec is modeled as an interface. In practice (2) has been solved by protecting all the traffic (::/0), but there are no inter-operable implementations supporting this feature. For a detailed list of issues pertaining to this, see [I-D.duffy-ppvpn-ipsec-vlink]. Because applying transport mode to protect a tunnel is a much more simpler solution and also easily protects link-local and multicast traffic, we do not recommend using tunnel mode in this context. Tunnel mode is still discussed in Appendix A. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 11] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 5.3. Peer Authorization Database The Peer Authorization Database (PAD) provides the link between SPD and the key management daemon [RFC4306]. This is defined in [RFC4301] and hence relevant only when used with IKEv2. As there is no way to currently discover the PAD related parameters dynamically, it is assumed that these are manually configured: o The Identity of the peer which will be asserted in the IKEv2 exchange. There are many different types of identities that can be used. At least, IPv4 address of the peer should be supported. o The IKEv2 can authenticate the peer using several methods. Pre- shared key and X.509 certificate based authentication is required by [RFC4301]. At least, pre-shared key should be supported as it interoperates with a larger number of implementations. o The child SA authorization data should contain the IPv4 address of the peer. 6. Recommendations In Section 5 we examined the differences of setting up an IPsec IPv6- in-IPv4 using either transport or tunnel mode. We observe that applying transport mode to a tunnel interface is the simplest and therefore recommended solution. In Appendix A, we also explore what it would take to use so-called Specific SPD (SSPD) tunnel mode. Such usage is more complicated because IPv6 prefixes need to be known a priori and multicast and link-local traffic do not work over such a tunnel. Fragment handling in tunnel mode is also more difficult. However, because MOBIKE [RFC4555] supports only tunnel mode, when the IPv4 endpoints of a tunnel are dynamic and the other constraints are not applicable, using tunnel mode may be an acceptable solution. Therefore our primary recommendation is to use transport mode applied to a tunnel interface. Spoofing can be prevented by enabling ingress filtering on the tunnel interface. 7. IANA Considerations This memo makes no request to IANA. [[ RFC-editor: please remove this section prior to publication. ]] Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 12] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 8. Security Considerations When you run IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnels (unsecured) over the Internet, it is possible to "inject" packets into the tunnel by spoofing the source address (data plane security), or if the tunnel is signalled somehow (e.g., some messages where you authenticate to the server, so that you would get a static v6 prefix), someone might be able to spoof the signalling (control plane security). The IPsec framework plays an important role in adding security to both the protocol for tunnel setup and data traffic. Either IKEv1 or IKEv2 provides a secure signaling protocol for establishing, maintaining and deleting an IPsec tunnel. IPsec, with the Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP), offers integrity and data origin authentication, confidentiality, with optional (at the discretion of the receiver) anti-replay features. The usage of confidentity-only is discouraged. ESP furthermore provides limited traffic flow confidentiality. IPsec provides access control mechanisms through the distribution of keys and also through the usage of policies dictated by the Security Policy Database (SPD). The NAT traversal mechanism provided by IKEv2 introduces some weaknesses into IKE and IPsec. These issues are discussed in more detail in [RFC4306]. Please note that the usage of IPsec for the scenarios described in Figure 3, Figure 2 and Figure 1 does not aim to protect the end-to- end communication. It protects just the tunnel part. It is still possible for an IPv6 endpoint that is not attached to the IPsec tunnel to spoof packets. 9. Contributors The authors are listed in alphabetical order. Suresh Satapati also participated in the initial discussions on the topic. 10. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank Stephen Kent, Michael Richardson, Florian Weimer, Elwyn Davies, Eric Vyncke, Merike Kaeo, and Alfred Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 13] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Hoenes for their substantive feedback. We would like to thank Pasi Eronen for his text contributions and suggestions for improvement. 11. References 11.1. Normative References [RFC2401] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. [RFC2409] Harkins, D. and D. Carrel, "The Internet Key Exchange (IKE)", RFC 2409, November 1998. [RFC3704] Baker, F. and P. Savola, "Ingress Filtering for Multihomed Networks", BCP 84, RFC 3704, March 2004. [RFC3948] Huttunen, A., Swander, B., Volpe, V., DiBurro, L., and M. Stenberg, "UDP Encapsulation of IPsec ESP Packets", RFC 3948, January 2005. [RFC4213] Nordmark, E. and R. Gilligan, "Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 4213, October 2005. [RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, December 2005. [RFC4303] Kent, S., "IP Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP)", RFC 4303, December 2005. [RFC4306] Kaufman, C., "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol", RFC 4306, December 2005. 11.2. Informative References [I-D.duffy-ppvpn-ipsec-vlink] Duffy, M., "Framework for IPsec Protected Virtual Links for PPVPNs", draft-duffy-ppvpn-ipsec-vlink-00 (work in progress), October 2002. [I-D.palet-v6ops-tun-auto-disc] Palet, J. and M. Diaz, "Analysis of IPv6 Tunnel End-point Discovery Mechanisms", draft-palet-v6ops-tun-auto-disc-03 (work in progress), January 2005. [RFC2893] Gilligan, R. and E. Nordmark, "Transition Mechanisms for Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 14] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 IPv6 Hosts and Routers", RFC 2893, August 2000. [RFC3056] Carpenter, B. and K. Moore, "Connection of IPv6 Domains via IPv4 Clouds", RFC 3056, February 2001. [RFC3193] Patel, B., Aboba, B., Dixon, W., Zorn, G., and S. Booth, "Securing L2TP using IPsec", RFC 3193, November 2001. [RFC3715] Aboba, B. and W. Dixon, "IPsec-Network Address Translation (NAT) Compatibility Requirements", RFC 3715, March 2004. [RFC3884] Touch, J., Eggert, L., and Y. Wang, "Use of IPsec Transport Mode for Dynamic Routing", RFC 3884, September 2004. [RFC4023] Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, "Encapsulating MPLS in IP or Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 4023, March 2005. [RFC4302] Kent, S., "IP Authentication Header", RFC 4302, December 2005. [RFC4555] Eronen, P., "IKEv2 Mobility and Multihoming Protocol (MOBIKE)", RFC 4555, June 2006. Appendix A. Using Tunnel Mode First, we describe the different tunnel mode implementation methods. We note that in this context, only so-called Specific SPD (SSPD) model (without a tunnel interface) can be made to work, but has reduced applicability and the use of a transport mode tunnel is recommended instead. However, we will describe how the SSPD Tunnel Mode might look like if one would like to use it in any case. A.1. Tunnel Mode Implementation Methods Tunnel mode could (in theory) be deployed in two very different ways depending on the implementation: 1. "Generic SPDs": some implementations model the tunnel mode SA as an IP interface. In this case, an IPsec tunnel interface is created and used with "any" address ("::/0 <-> ::/0" ) as IPsec traffic selectors while setting up the SA. Though this allows all traffic between the two nodes to be protected by IPsec, the routing table would decide what traffic gets sent over the tunnel. Ingress filtering must be separately applied on the tunnel interface as the IPsec policy checks do not check the IPv6 Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 15] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 addresses at all. Routing protocols, multicast, etc. will work through this tunnel. This mode is very similar to the transport mode. The SPDs must be interface-specific. However, because IKE uses IPv4 but the tunnel is IPv6, there is no standard solution to map the IPv4 interface to IPv6 interface [I-D.duffy-ppvpn-ipsec-vlink] and this approach is not feasible. 2. "Specific SPDs": some implementations don't model the tunnel mode SA as an IP interface. Traffic selection is done based on specific SPD entries, e.g., "2001:db8:1::/48 <-> 2001:db8: 2::/48". As the IPsec session between two endpoints does not have an interface (though an implementation may have a common pseudo-interface for all IPsec traffic), there is no DAD, MLD, or link-local traffic to protect; multicast is not possible over such a tunnel. Ingress filtering is performed automatically by the IPsec traffic selectors. Ingress filtering is guaranteed by IPsec processing when option (2) is chosen whereas the operator has to enable them explicitly when transport mode or option (1) of tunnel mode SA is chosen. In summary, there does not appear to be a standard solution in this context for the first implementation approach. The second approach can be made to work, but is only applicable in host-to-host or site-to-router/router-to-site scenarios (i.e., when the IPv6 prefixes can be known a priori), and offers only a limited set of features (e.g., no multicast) compared to a transport mode tunnel. When tunnel mode is used, fragment handling [RFC4301] may also be more difficult compared to transport mode and, depending on implementation, may need to be reflected in SPDs. A.2. Specific SPD for Host-to-Host Scenario The following SPD entries assume that there are two hosts Host1 and Host2, whose IPv6 addresses are denoted by IPV6-EP1 and IPV6-EP2 (global addresses) and IPV4 addresses of the tunnel endpoints are denoted by IPV4-TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 16] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Host1's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV6-EP1 IPV6-EP2 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV6-EP1 IPV6-EP2 IKE BYPASS 3 IPv6-EP1 IPV6-EP2 41 PROTECT(ESP, tunnel{IPV4-TEP1,IPV4-TEP2}) Host2's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV6-EP2 IPV6-EP1 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV6-EP2 IPV6-EP1 IKE BYPASS 3 IPv6-EP2 IPV6-EP1 41 PROTECT(ESP, tunnel{IPV4-TEP2,IPV4-TEP1}) "IKE" refers to UDP destination port 500 and possibly also port 4500 if NAT traversal is used. The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPV6-EP1 and IPV6-TEP2 as phase 2 identities. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. A.3. Specific SPD for Host-to-Router scenario The following SPD entries assume that the host has the IPv6 address IPV6-EP1 and the tunnel end points of the host and router are IPV4- TEP1 and IPV4-TEP2 respectively. If the tunnel is between a router and a host where the router has allocated a IPV6-PREF/48 to the host, the corresponding SPD entries can be derived by substituting IPV6-EP1 by IPV6-PREF/48. Please note the bypass entry for host's SPD, absent in router's SPD. While this might be an implementation matter for host-to-router tunneling, having a similar entry, "Local=IPV6-PREF/48 & Remote=IPV6- PREF/48" is critical for site-to-router tunneling. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 17] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Host's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV6-EP1 IPV6-EP2 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV6-EP1 IPV6-EP2 IKE BYPASS 3 IPV6-EP1 IPV6-EP1 ANY BYPASS 4 IPV6-EP1 ANY ANY PROTECT(ESP, tunnel{IPV4-TEP1,IPV4-TEP2}) Router's SPD: Next Layer Rule Local Remote Protocol Action ---- ----- ------ ---------- -------- 1 IPV6-EP2 IPV6-EP1 ESP BYPASS 2 IPV6-EP2 IPV6-EP1 IKE BYPASS 3 ANY IPV6-EP1 ANY PROTECT(ESP, tunnel{IPV4-TEP1,IPV4-TEP2}) The IDci and IDcr payloads of IKEv1 carry the IPV6-EP1 and ID_IPV6_ADDR_RANGE or ID_IPV6_ADDR_SUBNET as its phase 2 identity. The starting address is zero IP address and the end address is all ones for ID_IPV6_ADDR_RANGE. The starting address is zero IP address and the end address is all zeroes for ID_IPV6_ADDR_SUBNET. With IKEv2, the traffic selectors are used to carry the same information. Appendix B. Optional Features B.1. Dynamic Address Configuration With the exchange of protected configuration payloads, IKEv2 is able to provide the IKEv2 peer with DHCP-like information payloads. These configuration payloads are exchanged between the IKEv2 initiator and the responder. This could be used (for example) by the host in the host-to-router scenario to obtain the IPv6 address from the ISP as part of setting up the IPsec tunnel mode SA. The details of these procedures are out of scope of this memo. B.2. NAT Traversal and Mobility Network address (and port) translation devices are commonly found in today's networks. A detailed description of the problem of IPsec protected data traffic traversing a NAT including requirements are discussed in [RFC3715]. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 18] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 IKEv2 can detect the presence of a NAT automatically by sending NAT_DETECTION_SOURCE_IP and NAT_DETECTION_DESTINATION_IP payloads in the initial IKE_SA_INIT exchange. Once a NAT is detected and both end points support IPsec NAT traversal extensions UDP encapsulation can be enabled. More details about UDP encapsulation of IPsec protected IP packets can be found in [RFC3948]. For IPv6-in-IPv4 tunneling, NAT traversal is interesting for two reasons: 1. One of the tunnel endpoints is often behind a NAT, and configured tunneling, using protocol 41, is not guaranteed to traverse the NAT. Hence, using IPsec tunnels would enable one to both set-up a secure tunnel, and set-up a tunnel where it might not always be possible without other tunneling mechanisms. 2. Using NAT traversal allows the outer address to change without having to renegotiate the SAs. This could be very beneficial for a crude form of mobility, and in scenarios where the NAT changes the IP addresses frequently. However, as the outer address may change, this might introduce new security issues, and using tunnel mode would be most appropriate. When NAT is not applied, the second benefit would still be desirable. In particular, using manually configured tunneling is an operational challenge with dynamic IP addresses as both ends need to be reconfigured if an address changes. Therefore an easy and efficient way to re-establish the IPsec tunnel if the IP address changes would be desirable. MOBIKE [RFC4555] provides a solution when IKEv2 is used but only supports tunnel mode. B.3. Tunnel Endpoint Discovery The IKEv2 initiator needs to know the address of the IKEv2 responder to start IKEv2 signaling. A number of ways can be used to provide the initiator with this information, for example: o Using out-of-band mechanisms, e.g., from the ISP's web page. o Using DNS to look up a service name by appending it to the DNS search path provided by DHCPv4 (e.g. "tunnel- service.example.com"). o Using a DHCP option. Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 19] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 o Using a pre-configured or pre-determined IPv4 anycast address. o Using other, unspecified or proprietary methods. For the purpose of this document it is assumed that this address can be obtained somehow. Once the address has been learned, it is configured as the tunnel end-point for the configured IPv6-in-IPv4 tunnel. This problem is also discussed at more length in [I-D.palet-v6ops-tun-auto-disc]. However, simply discovering the tunnel endpoint is not sufficient for establishing an IKE session with the peer. The PAD information (see Section 5.3) also needs to be learnt dynamically. Hence, currently automatic endpoint discovery provides benefit only if PAD information is chosen in such a manner that it is not IP-address specific. Authors' Addresses Richard Graveman RFG Security, LLC 15 Park Avenue Morristown, New Jersey 07960 USA Email: rfg@acm.org Mohan Parthasarathy Nokia 313 Fairchild Drive Mountain View CA-94043 USA Email: mohanp@sbcglobal.net Pekka Savola CSC/FUNET Espoo Finland Email: psavola@funet.fi Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 20] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Hannes Tschofenig Siemens Otto-Hahn-Ring 6 Munich, Bayern 81739 Germany Email: Hannes.Tschofenig@siemens.com Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 21] Internet-Draft IPsec with IPv6-in-IPv4 Tunnels October 2006 Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2006). 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The IETF invites any interested party to bring to its attention any copyrights, patents or patent applications, or other proprietary rights that may cover technology that may be required to implement this standard. Please address the information to the IETF at ietf-ipr@ietf.org. Acknowledgment Funding for the RFC Editor function is provided by the IETF Administrative Support Activity (IASA). Graveman, et al. Expires April 12, 2007 [Page 22]